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Cyber Security
Cyber Security
Cybersecurity maintains a continuous cycle of functions—including governance, risk management, and security architecture—to protect an organization’s systems, networks, and data. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) outlines the five core functions for managing cybersecurity risk: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover.
Governance and risk management
- Strategic leadership: Sets the organization's overall cybersecurity strategy, defining policies, roles, and accountability to align security with business goals.
- Risk assessment: Continuously identifies, analyzes, and prioritizes cyber risks and vulnerabilities, such as malware or phishing, to determine the organization's risk tolerance.
- Compliance: Ensures that the security program follows all relevant legal and regulatory requirements, such as GDPR and HIPAA.
- Third-party risk management: Assesses and manages security risks associated with vendors and other external partners who have access to the organization's systems.
Identify
This function establishes a clear understanding of the organization's assets and the cybersecurity risks to those assets.
- Asset management: Catalogs all hardware, software, data, and personnel to understand their roles and importance.
- Business environment: Understands the organization's mission and how cybersecurity supports its objectives.
Protect
This function implements safeguards to limit or contain the impact of a potential security event.
- Access control: Uses measures like multi-factor authentication (MFA) and role-based access to limit data and system access to authorized individuals.
- Data security: Safeguards data both at rest and in transit through methods like encryption and backups.
- Protective technology: Deploys defensive tools such as firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion prevention systems.
- Awareness and training: Educates employees on security best practices to reduce human error, which is a major factor in data breaches.
Detect
This function enables the timely discovery of cybersecurity events.
- Continuous monitoring: Tracks network and system activity in real-time to identify potential threats and anomalous events.
- Detection processes: Maintains and updates systems like intrusion detection systems (IDS) to ensure they are effective against new threats.
Respond
This function involves taking action once a cybersecurity incident has been detected.
- Response planning: Prepares and tests processes for containment, eradication, and recovery in the event of an attack.
- Analysis and mitigation: Investigates the incident to understand its cause and impact and takes immediate action to prevent further damage.
- Communications: Manages communications with internal teams, stakeholders, and law enforcement during and after an incident.
Recover
This function maintains and implements plans for cyber resilience and the restoration of normal operations.
- Recovery planning: Prioritizes recovery processes to restore critical systems and services as quickly as possible.
- Post-incident improvements: Incorporates lessons learned from the incident to update and strengthen future recovery plans.
- Forensics: Performs a post-mortem analysis of a breach to investigate what happened, which informs and strengthens security measures.
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